Types of Articles Research Articles Research articles are essential for disseminating the findings of original research studies. These manuscripts must detail the research methodology rigorously and provide a robust analysis of the results, contributing valuable insights to the field. Notably, systematic reviews can also be submitted as research articles, enriching the academic discourse on these critical topics. Review Articles A review article serves as a comprehensive overview of the existing literature in a specific subject area, synthesizing key findings and identifying trends that guide future research. This type of article is vital for researchers seeking to understand the landscape of a topic. Short Communications Short communications offer a dynamic platform for authors eager to share their results with the research community in a concise and impactful manner. This format ensures that important findings are rapidly communicated, fostering collaboration and innovation within the field. Letter to editor A Letter to the Editor serves as a powerful tool for readers to express their opinions, highlight important issues, and engage with current topics of public interest. Typically published in the "Letters to the Editor" section, these letters provide a platform for individuals to influence public discourse and raise awareness about vital matters in our communities. Mini-Reviews Mini-reviews provide a concise summary of a specific research topic or field relevant to Molecular Medicine. They put previous research and findings in context and present current developments in a critical and focused manner. Key aims of mini-reviews are to provide coverage of mature or emerging subjects, evaluations of progress in specified areas, and/or critical assessments of new technologies. Mini-reviews should be balanced and an excessive focus on the authors’ own work should be avoided. Mini-reviews should be no longer than 3,500 words, contain no more than two figures or tables, and about 60 references. The mini-review abstract should not exceed 200 words Preparation of manuscripts Title Page Provide a concise, informative, and attractive title. Include the full names (first, middle initial, last), highest qualifications, institutional affiliations, official phone numbers, and email addresses of all authors. Indicate author positions using superscripts. Mark the corresponding author with an asterisk (*). Language & Formatting Manuscripts must be written in clear, grammatically correct English. Submit in MS Word or PDF format. Use Times New Roman or Arial, size 12, with double spacing. Type on A4-sized paper. Manuscript Length Research articles: Max. 4000 words. Mini review articles: Max. 3500 words. References: Up to 35 (45 for novel research). Include the following sections: Abstract, Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, Discussion, Conclusion, References, and Acknowledgements. Color images appear online; black & white in print. Abstract Submit as a separate file. Structured abstract: Max. 250 words. Include: Background, Objective, Methods, Main Outcome, Results, Conclusion. Add up to 5 keywords/indexing terms. Avoid abbreviations, tables, and figures in the abstract. Introduction Clearly state the research aim. Define the problem and rationale. Be focused and concise. Materials and Methods Clearly describe the procedures and materials used. Ethical approval letter must be attached if involving humans or animals. Results Present comprehensive findings supported by data. Avoid redundancy. Tables and figures must be on separate pages/files. Acceptable image formats: JPG, PNG, TIFF. Cite tables and figures appropriately (e.g., (Table 1)). Discussion Interpret findings in context of existing literature. Highlight key contributions and limitations. Discuss implications and future directions. Apply proper statistical analysis. Conclusion Present a logical and concise summary of key findings. Funding Disclosure Clearly state funding sources, sponsorships, or support from any institutions. Mention provided materials or equipment. Acknowledgements Optional but should appear before the references if included. Competing Interests Declare any potential conflicts (financial, professional, or personal). Submit the conflict of interest form (available on the journal website). Author Contributions State specific contributions of each author in research and manuscript preparation. References Use citation-sequence (numbered) format. Refer to "Citing Medicine" by the National Library of Medicine. Abbreviate journal names per PubMed guidelines. Avoid citing unpublished work or personal communication. Example Formats: JournalArticle: Khalil B. Observation on the food and feeding habits of Cynoglossus bilineatus. Rads J Biol Res Appl Sci. 2012;3(1):1-6. Book: Talaro KP, Talaro A. Foundations in microbiology: basic principles. Boston: McGraw-Hill; 2002. BookChapter: Forman MS, Valsamakis A. Specimen collection. In: Versalovic J, et al., editors. Manual of clinical microbiology. 10th ed. Washington: ASM Press; 2011. p.1276-88. Website: Lewis A. How Microbes May Influence Our Behavior. The Scientist; 2017 Sep 1 [cited 2017 Sep 19]. Available from: http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/50146 Cover Letter Submit a cover letter signed by the corresponding author. Suggested Reviewers Provide names and contact details of three experts. Reviewers must not have conflicts of interest (e.g., same institution, collaborators). Peer Review Process Double-blind system. Editors screen for relevance and formatting. Reviewers are given 2–3 weeks for evaluation. Expected review timeline: up to 40 days. Ethical Compliance For human/animal studies, attach IRB approval. Follow ethical guidelines outlined by COPE: COPE Standards for Authors Plagiarism Policy Checked via Turnitin. Manuscripts with similarity >19% will be rejected. Manuscript Withdrawal Withdrawal is not permitted after peer review has begun, except in ethical cases approved by the Editor-in-Chief. Required Forms Author Contribution Form Declaration of Interest Form Copyright Transfer Agreement Copyright form
Manuscripts must be submitted to this journal and not submitted or published elsewhere. The submitting author must secure approval from all co-authors for publication. Authors also permit editing for clarity. Direct any publication inquiries to Email
PELLETIZATION TECHNIQUES AND EXTRUSION- SPHERONIZATION: A REVIEW
Oral multiparticulate drug delivery system offers better biopharmaceutical advantage as compared to single unit oral dosage form. Pelletization technique helps in the formation of spherical beads or pellets with mean diameter of 0.5- 2 um. Pellets can be coated for enhancement of flow and mixing properties which ultimately reduces segregation and improving physical and chemical properties of fine powder. Different techniques such as Extrusion-Spheronization, drug layering, cryopelletization, hot melt extrusion, spray drying, spray congealing and freeze drying are successfully discussed in this review. Simple and fast processing and high efficiency obtaining properties made Extrusion-Spheronization technique superior as compare to others. The characterization, evaluation and importance of pellets with its affecting parameters will also discuss.
Copyright (c) 2025 SIST Journal of Pharmacy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
ASSESSING THE EFFECT OF TOCOPHEROL-RICH MAIZE FLOUR ON THE HEALTH OF PREGNANT AND LACTATING WOMEN
Maternal nutrition during pregnancy and lactation is critical for maternal and neonatal health, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where food quality is poor and access to supplements is limited. Vitamin E (tocopherol) deficiency is prevalent in these regions and is associated with oxidative stress, compromised immunity, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. This study evaluated the nutritional, antioxidant, and biochemical effects of tocopherol-rich maize flour (TRMF) in pregnant and lactating women. A six-month comparative intervention study was conducted with 300 women: 200 in the intervention group consuming TRMF and 100 in the control group consuming conventional maize flour. Proximate composition, minerals, antioxidant parameters, and biochemical markers were assessed using standard laboratory methods. TRMF showed significantly higher protein (e.g., 12.5 ± 1.2 g/100g vs. 9.8 ± 0.9 g/100g, p<0.05), crude fat, fibre, and ash content, along with elevated levels of calcium, iron, magnesium, and zinc. Antioxidant activity (DPPH, FRAP) and total phenolic content were markedly higher in the intervention group. Biochemical assessments revealed increased plasma tocopherol (e.g., 15.2 ± 2.1 µmol/L vs. 10.4 ± 1.8 µmol/L, p<0.01), improved lipid profiles (e.g., higher HDL, lower LDL and triglycerides), and better glycaemic control. These findings suggest that TRMF is a cost-effective, culturally acceptable, and sustainable dietary intervention to improve maternal nutritional status and reduce oxidative stress in resource-limited settings.
Copyright (c) 2026 SIST Journal of Pharmacy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Phytochemical and Pharmacological Investigation of Analgesic and Antipyretic Activities of Cyperus pertenuis and Delphinium zelil in Albino Rats
Background: Pain and fever are common clinical symptoms often managed with synthetic drugs that may produce undesirable side effects with prolonged use. Medicinal plants offer a promising source of safer alternatives, yet many traditionally used species remain scientifically underexplored. Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the phytochemical composition and evaluate the analgesic and antipyretic activities of ethanolic extracts of Cyperus pertenuis and Delphinium zelil in albino rats. Methods: Ethanolic extracts of both plants were subjected to qualitative phytochemical screening. Analgesic activity was assessed using the acetic acid–induced writhing test and hot plate method, while antipyretic activity was evaluated using the brewer’s yeast–induced pyrexia model. Paracetamol and diclofenac sodium were used as standard reference drugs. Acute oral toxicity was assessed according to OECD guidelines. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance, and results were expressed as mean ± SEM. Results: Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, and saponins in both extracts. The extracts produced significant, dose-dependent analgesic and antipyretic effects compared to the control group (p < 0.05). At higher doses, the pharmacological effects were comparable to standard drugs. No signs of acute toxicity were observed up to 5000 mg/kg. Conclusion: The findings demonstrate that Cyperus pertenuis and Delphinium zelil possess significant analgesic and antipyretic properties, supporting their traditional use. These plants may serve as potential sources for the development of novel, safe, plant-based therapeutic agents.
ASSOCIATION OF FEAR OF FALL WITH LOWER LIMB STRENGTH AMONG ELDERLY
Background: The elderly population in Asia is growing, with projections indicating that 24% of the population will be 60 or older by 2050. Falls lead to severe physical, social, and psychological stress. Fear of fall affects balance and mobility leading to lower activity levels. This reduced engagement in activity of daily living may lead to reduced lower limb strength. Objective: Determine association between fear of fall and lower limb strength among elderly. Methodology: This cross sectional survey was conducted on 377 elderly, both male and female above 0 years of age. Elders with neurological deficit and history of fall in less than 6 months were excluded from study. FES was used to asses fear of fall and lower limb strength was measured through Sphygmomanometer. Results: Male showed higher mean quadricep strength (38.02) and hamstring strength (32.92) compared to females. Male reported moderate concern of fear of falling while 46.3% reported high fear of fall. There was significant association between quadricep strength and fear of falling in both male and females. (p<0.001). While significant association between hamstring strength and fear of falling was observed only in female. Conclusion: The study concluded that lower limb strength and fear of falling has significant relation among elderly.
Comparative Efficacy of Household and Bio-Based Washing Agents for Reducing Cypermethrin Residues on Tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum)
Background: The extensive use of pesticides in intensive vegetable production poses serious food safety concerns, particularly in developing countries where postharvest handling practices are often inadequate. Cypermethrin is widely applied to tomatoes in Pakistan and may persist on produce surfaces at concentrations exceeding recommended safety limits, increasing potential health risks to consumers. Objective: This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of selected household washing agents and a natural bio-based washing agent in reducing cypermethrin residues on tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum). Methods: Tomatoes were artificially contaminated with a cypermethrin solution at a concentration of one milliliter per liter. The samples were washed for ten minutes using one percent and two percent solutions of sodium hydrogen carbonate, sodium carbonate, sodium chloride, acetic acid, citric acid, and an alfalfa seed extract rich in saponins. Residual cypermethrin levels were determined using spectrophotometric analysis following solvent extraction. Main Outcome: The primary outcome measure was the percentage reduction of cypermethrin residues on tomato surfaces after washing. Results: Alkaline washing solutions demonstrated the highest residue reduction efficiency. Sodium carbonate achieved the greatest removal, with a maximum reduction of seventy-six point thirty-one percent at the two percent concentration. Sodium hydrogen carbonate and sodium chloride showed moderate effectiveness. Acidic solutions resulted in comparatively lower residue removal, while the alfalfa seed extract exhibited minimal reduction. Conclusion: Alkaline household washing agents, particularly sodium carbonate, are highly effective in reducing cypermethrin residues on tomatoes. These findings support the use of simple, accessible washing practices as practical strategies to improve consumer food safety at the household level.
Assessing the Relationship Between Lifestyle Interventions and Pregnancy-Related Health Metrics
Background: Pregnancy represents a period of profound physiological transformation, significantly increasing nutritional and metabolic demands. Within this context, suboptimal dietary intake and sedentary behavior emerge as critical, yet modifiable, risk factors. Scientific evidence consistently links these lifestyle elements to an elevated risk of adverse gestational outcomes such as gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and hypertensive disorders and suggests implications for the child's long-term health trajectory, a concept known as developmental origins of health and disease. Objective: This narrative review aims to critically analyze and integrate current evidence on the distinct and synergistic roles of dietary practices and structured physical activity in optimizing maternal-fetal health. It seeks to consolidate understanding of how these modifiable factors directly influence physiological adaptation, complication risk, and developmental programming. Methods: The analysis is conducted as a comprehensive narrative synthesis. We examine and integrate established physiological principles, contemporary clinical practice guidelines from leading health organizations, and current empirical research concerning prenatal nutrition and exercise physiology to present a coherent overview of evidence-based best practices. Results: The synthesized evidence robustly indicates that a balanced, nutrient-dense diet and regular, moderate-intensity physical activity are foundational for a healthy pregnancy. These practices work in concert to support appropriate maternal weight gain and cardiometabolic adaptation, thereby mitigating key risks for GDM and gestational hypertension. This risk reduction is directly associated with more favorable birth outcomes, including appropriate fetal growth patterns and reduced incidence of preterm delivery. Importantly, optimal prenatal nutrition and activity contribute to fetal metabolic and epigenetic programming, laying a foundation that reduces the offspring’s future susceptibility to non-communicable diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular conditions. Conclusion: Proactive, evidence-based lifestyle management focusing on diet and exercise is not merely supportive but a fundamental component of contemporary prenatal care. Implementing structured education and support for these behaviors is essential for healthcare providers. This approach is crucial for safeguarding immediate maternal and neonatal health and represents a powerful strategy for promoting long-term intergenerational well-being, ultimately reducing the future burden of chronic disease.
Exploring the Psychological Impact of Generalized Pain: The Role of Anxiety, Depression, and Social Support
Abstract Background: Persistent pain, whether acute or chronic, often has profound psychological consequences, commonly manifesting as anxiety and depression. Generalized pain, in particular, poses diagnostic and therapeutic challenges due to its non-specific nature. While numerous studies have assessed pain's impact on mental health, the moderating effect of social support remains underexplored. Objective: This study investigates the link between generalized pain and psychological distress, specifically focusing on anxiety and depression, and evaluates the potential buffering role of perceived social support. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was administered to 70 individuals experiencing generalized pain. Standardized instruments including the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) were employed. Data were analyzed using correlation and regression techniques to determine significant associations. Results: Individuals experiencing continuous pain exhibited elevated levels of psychological distress compared to those with intermittent pain. Regression analysis identified pain severity and avoidance behaviors as significant predictors of distress, explaining 46% of the variance. Although social support was negatively correlated with distress, it did not significantly predict psychological outcomes. Conclusion: The findings underscore the critical role of pain-related avoidance and intensity in mental health outcomes. Social support, while related to lower distress levels, did not emerge as a significant predictor. Interventions targeting avoidance behavior and integrating social support structures may enhance pain management strategies.
Generalized pain, psychological distress, anxiety, depression, social support
Assessment of Prevalence, Management and Attitude of dysmenorrhea among University students of Sialkot, Pakistan.
Background: Dysmenorrhea, characterized by painful menstruation, is a highly prevalent gynecological condition that substantially affects the quality of life and academic performance of young women. Objective: This cross-sectional descriptive study aimed to evaluate the prevalence, management strategies, and attitudes towards dysmenorrhea among female university students in Sialkot, Pakistan. Methodology: A structured, validated questionnaire was administered to 450 participants, with 370 responses included in the final analysis. The target population included undergraduate female students aged 18-30 from Imran Idrees College of Pharmacy, Sialkot Medical College, and the University of Sialkot. Results: The findings revealed that 76.1% of respondents experienced dysmenorrhea, with the majority reporting moderate to severe pain. The most common symptoms accompanying dysmenorrhea included fatigue (48.9%), nausea (23.1%), and headache (20.4%), with pain primarily reported in the lower abdomen (56%). Although the majority recognized dysmenorrhea as a normal part of menstruation (58.2%), a significant portion of students (66.6%) believed there is inadequate awareness regarding its management. Management of dysmenorrhea was largely self-directed; 79.6% of respondents did not seek professional medical consultation. Common self-care practices included the use of heating pads (23.4%), rest (22.8%), OTC painkillers (17.9%), and herbal remedies (15.8%). Despite the prevalence of self-medication, only 33.4% found these methods very effective, while the majority (59.5%) rated them as moderately effective. Academic performance and social life were notably impacted by dysmenorrhea, with 59.5% of students reporting impaired academic functioning due to pain, including inability to concentrate and missed classes. However, no significant association was observed between menstrual characteristics and sociodemographic variables such as age or marital status. Conclusion: The study highlights the widespread nature of dysmenorrhea and the reliance on non-clinical management strategies among university students. The results emphasize the urgent need for targeted educational interventions, improved menstrual health awareness programs, and accessible medical support to enhance the well-being and productivity of affected individuals.
Dysmenorrhea, prevalence, management, menstrual pain, awareness
CORRELATION OF TRUNK CONTROL AND LOWER LIMB FUNCTIONAL MOBILITY AMONG CHILDREN WITH CEREBRAL PALSY
Background: CP is a non progressive neurological disorder characterized by motor impairments that affect trunk control and lower limb mobility. Effective postural control is essential for functional activities like walking, sitting and transitioning between postures in children with CP. Objective: To evaluate correlation between trunk control and lower limb functional mobility among children with CP. Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted on 377 children aged 5 to 14 years diagnosed with CP. Trunk control was measured through TCM scale and lower limb functional mobility was assessed using FWT. Results: There was significant positive correlation between trunk control and lower limb functional mobility with strongest correlation between GMFCS level I (r=0.911, p=0.002), level II (r=0.735,p=0.034), Level II (r=0.922, p<0.001) and in ataxic CP (r=0.886), spastic CP (r=0.776), dyskinetic (0.866) and mixed CP (0698). Conclusion: There was positive correlation between trunk control and lower limb functional mobility among children with CP. Children with better trunk control are likely to have higher functional walking ability. Highest impairments were seen in children with spastic CP with GMFCS higher levels.
Assessing the Effect of Dietary Practices and Physical Activity on the Health of Pregnant Women
Background: Pregnancy is a period of significant physiological and hormonal changes that increase nutritional demands. Deficiencies, particularly in the first trimester, can lead to restricted fetal growth and have long-term consequences for both mother and child. Furthermore, common pregnancy complications like gestational hypertension and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are linked to adverse outcomes, underscoring the need for proactive management through diet and lifestyle. Objective: The aim of this review is to synthesize the critical role of a balanced diet and structured physical activity in promoting positive maternal and fetal outcomes, preventing common gestational complications, and establishing a foundation for the child's long-term health. Methods: This study is structured as a narrative review, synthesizing established physiological principles and current recommendations for prenatal care. The analysis is based on a consolidation of known best practices regarding maternal nutrition and exercise physiology during pregnancy. Main Outcome Measures: The primary outcomes of interest include the impact of nutrition on fetal development, the prevention of gestational hypertension and GDM, birth outcomes, and the long-term health of the child. For physical activity, the focus is on recommended exercise structure and its benefits for maternal well-being. Results: A balanced diet before and during pregnancy is fundamental for supporting maternal adaptation and preventing complications such as gestational hypertension and GDM, which are associated with risks including pre-eclampsia, fetal growth restriction, preterm birth, macrosomia, and future type 2 diabetes. Adequate and stable nutrition throughout gestation supports appropriate maternal weight gain and is linked to improved delivery outcomes and a reduced risk of the child developing chronic conditions like heart disease and obesity later in life. Conclusion: A well-balanced nutritional intake and regular, appropriate physical activity are indispensable components of prenatal care. These interventions are critical for ensuring healthy fetal development, reducing the risk of common gestational complications, and improving both immediate birth outcomes and the long-term metabolic health of the child. Healthcare providers should emphasize education on diet and structured exercise as a cornerstone of antenatal management.
Quality and Microbial Assessment of Cooking Oils and Serving Plates Used by Street Food Vendors in District Sialkot, Pakistan
Introduction: Street-vended foods are essential for low- and middle-income populations in developing countries, but public health risks arise from unhygienic practices, including the continual reuse of cooking oil. This study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical quality of cooking oils and the microbial contamination of serving plates used by street food vendors in Sialkot District, Pakistan. Materials and Methods: One hundred and fifty composite samples of frying oils and serving plates were collected from vendors across six zones: urban, educational, kachehri (government offices), bazar (market), fast-food, and rural areas. Oil quality was assessed by analyzing moisture content, free fatty acids (FFA), acid value (AV), peroxide value (PV), and total polar compounds (TPC). Microbial load on serving plates was evaluated using total plate count (TPC) and Escherichia coli enumeration. Results: The highest mean values indicating severe oil degradation were found in samples from rural vendors: FFA (1.82%), AV (3.62 mg KOH/g), PV (13.8 meq/kg), and TPC (28.4%). The bazar area exhibited the poorest hygiene, with the highest mean total plate count (3.7×10⁴ CFU/cm²) and the presence of E. coli on multiple serving plates. Discussion: The results demonstrate significant deterioration of cooking oils, particularly in rural settings, and substantial microbial contamination on serving utensils, especially in market areas. This indicates widespread unsafe practices, including excessive oil reuse and poor hygiene, which pose serious cross-contamination risks to consumers. Conclusion: The findings underscore an urgent need for periodic monitoring of street food operations, strict enforcement of national food safety standards, and targeted awareness programs for vendors and consumers to promote safer food practices in Pakistan.
Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices about the Management of Medication Errors among Healthcare Professionals in District Sialkot, Pakistan
Introduction: Medication errors are often involved in reported adverse events. Research has revealed the need for improved knowledge in drug dose, dosage form, and medication knowledge, as a whole, is poorly investigated. The purpose of this survey was to study the medication knowledge, certainty, and estimated risk of errors. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a validated questionnaire in IITH, IIH Cantt, and different community pharmacies of Sialkot, Punjab, from April to May 2025. The questionnaire consists of four sections. The first contains demographic variables. The second portion assesses the knowledge of HBV infection and its vaccination. The third portion is about the attitude of healthcare workers towards the vaccination, and the last portion evaluates the practice of healthcare workers. To calculate the sample size of the study, the absolute error was estimated to be 5% and a 95% confidence level was used. Result: This study investigated the knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding medication errors among 150 healthcare professionals in Sialkot, Pakistan. Most participants were aware of medication errors, with a significant proportion familiar with the five rights of medication administration and supportive of error reporting. The primary causes of errors were identified as poor communication, inadequate training, and heavy workloads. Older professionals had a better understanding of administration practices, while doctors and pharmacists showed higher confidence in reporting errors compared to nurses. Access to reporting systems varied by work setting. The study suggests that further training and better communication are essential to reduce errors and improve patient safety. Recommendations include expanding the study to other hospitals and implementing feedback systems. Discussion: Medication errors are a significant concern, with 76% of healthcare professionals experiencing them on a regular basis. Most agree on the importance of error reporting, and technology can help prevent errors. Targeted training and improved reporting systems are necessary to enhance patient safety. Healthcare professionals support error reporting; however, blame culture and a lack of training remain significant barriers.
Exploring the Role of Microneedling in Dermatology and Onco-dermatology: Current Applications, Future Directions, and Clinical Implications
Background: Microneedling (MN) is an innovative therapeutic technique that has gained significant prominence over the last decade. It functions by inducing controlled physical trauma via needle penetration, which activates the skin's natural wound healing processes with minimal damage to the epidermis. A key ancillary benefit is its ability to significantly enhance the transdermal absorption of topically applied medications, making it a versatile tool for dermatological treatment. Objective: This review aims to synthesize and evaluate the current applications of microneedling within dermatology, with a specific focus on its use for treating various skin conditions and neoplasms. A further objective is to discuss the future prospects and necessary directions for research to optimize this technology. Methods: This study is structured as a comprehensive narrative review, analyzing and consolidating findings from existing literature on the clinical use of microneedling. The analysis encompasses its use both as a standalone procedure and in combination with topical therapeutics. Main Outcome Measures: The primary outcomes assessed were the efficacy of MN in treating specific dermatological diseases and its role in enhancing drug delivery. Secondary outcomes included an evaluation of its advantages and the identification of optimal parameters for clinical use. Results: The review confirms that microneedling has been successfully employed to manage a wide spectrum of conditions, including psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, viral warts, scars, alopecia, pigmentation disorders, and skin tumors. Its hallmark advantages are a reduction in systemic adverse drug effects and a favorable safety profile. However, the literature reveals a lack of consensus on optimal device settings, treatment frequency, and intervals. Conclusion: Microneedling represents a highly promising and minimally invasive modality in dermatology. While current evidence supports its efficacy for diverse conditions, further advanced research is strongly recommended. Large-scale, precise clinical trials are essential to standardize treatment protocols and conclusively establish MN as a first-line effective treatment strategy
Development of Sustained-Release Aceclofenac Tablets: Optimization of Polymer Matrices for Controlled Drug Delivery
Background: Aceclofenac is a widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug requiring frequent administration, making it a suitable candidate for a sustained-release formulation to improve patient compliance. Objective: This study aimed to formulate and evaluate sustained-release tablets of Aceclofenac using different polymer matrices to achieve a prolonged drug release profile. Methods: Tablets were formulated with varying concentrations of Carbopol, Kollidon SR, Eudragit L100, and their combinations using the wet granulation technique. The prepared granules were evaluated for flow properties (bulk density, tapped density, Hausner ratio, Carr's index, angle of repose). The resulting tablets were assessed for thickness, hardness, friability, weight variation, and content uniformity. In vitro drug release studies were conducted for 12 hours in 0.1 N KOH and phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) using USP apparatus II, and the drug release data were fitted to various kinetic models. Main Outcome: The primary outcomes were the physicochemical properties of the granules and tablets, and the drug release kinetics from the formulated matrix systems. Results: All formulated granules demonstrated acceptable flow properties, and the tablets complied with official limits for evaluated physicochemical parameters. The drug release from the optimized formulation U18 (Kollidon SR with Eudragit L100) best fitted the Higuchi model, while formulation U20 (Kollidon SR with Carbopol) followed zero-order release kinetics. Conclusion: The study successfully developed sustained-release Aceclofenac tablets. The optimized formulations U18 and U20, based on their distinct release kinetics, were identified as suitable matrix systems for providing sustained drug release
Potential Pharmacological Options Against the Coronavirus
Background: The emergence of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) and the resulting COVID-19 disease initiated a global pandemic, threatening human lives and societies on an unprecedented scale. While three previous coronavirus epidemics have been documented, the 2019 outbreak distinguished itself through its rapid global spread and multifaceted transmission pathways, swiftly escalating into a worldwide health emergency. Objective: This study aimed to analyze previous coronavirus epidemics by comparing their outcomes with the recent COVID-19 pandemic. A further objective was to discuss pharmacological agents demonstrating potential in-vitro and in-vivo activity against the virus, with a critical focus on the evidence for remdesivir and chloroquine. Methods: A comparative analysis was conducted, evaluating the epidemiological trajectories and outcomes of previous coronavirus outbreaks against the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, a review of scientific literature was performed to identify and assess pharmacological agents with reported anti-COVID-19 activity in both laboratory and animal studies. Main Outcome Measures: The primary outcomes were the comparative transmissibility and scale of the COVID-19 pandemic relative to previous coronavirus epidemics, and the summarized preclinical evidence for the efficacy of selected pharmacological agents. Results: The analysis confirmed that the COVID-19 pandemic spread more rapidly and extensively than previous coronavirus epidemics. The review identified several agents with promising in-vitro and in-vivo activity. However, the capacity of remdesivir and chloroquine for treatment and prevention remains a subject of intense debate, underpinned by premature findings, a lack of robust clinical trials, and significant concerns regarding long-term safety. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic represents a significant escalation in the threat posed by coronaviruses. While certain drugs show preclinical promise, the evidence for their clinical application, particularly for chloroquine and remdesivir, is insufficient and often conflicting. This underscores the critical and urgent need for large-scale, rigorous clinical trials to establish safe and effective therapeutic protocols.
Recent Therapeutic Approaches for the Management of Diabetes Mellitus
Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a global epidemic with a prevalence anticipated to double in the next decade, placing a heavy burden on healthcare systems. While current treatments like metformin, secretagogues, thiazolidinediones, and insulin are useful, there is a pressing need for novel medications that not only achieve customized glycemic objectives but also address concurrent comorbidities and maximize safety. Objective: This review aims to focus specifically on the highly anticipated and recognized novel pharmacological approaches currently in the clinical pipeline for diabetes mellitus. It seeks to identify and evaluate these approaches based on growing incidental evidence and their potential to shift the treatment paradigm from management to cure. Methods: A narrative review of the current clinical pipeline was conducted, focusing on agents identified through global studies and growing incidental evidence. The approaches highlighted were selected based on their novel modes of action and significant recognition within the development landscape. Main Outcome: The primary outcomes of interest include the efficacy of novel approaches in maintaining optimum glucose levels, their mechanisms of action (e.g., improving insulin sensitivity, increasing insulin secretion, modulating the incretin axis, decreasing hepatic glucose synthesis), and their potential to address comorbidities and avoid complications. Results: The pharmacological pipeline for DM is rich with promising approaches. The approval of SGLT2 inhibitors like canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, and empagliflozin has laid the foundation for a new era in treatment. Current clinical developments are characterized by drugs utilizing new modes of action that go beyond traditional glycemic control, showing significant potential for improved efficacy and non-glycemic benefits. Conclusion: The development of novel DM medications is highly encouraging, raising the bar for future therapies. The evolving pipeline, with its emphasis on new mechanisms and evidence-based benefits, holds the promise of efficiently maintaining optimum glucose levels and potentially shifting the paradigm from chronic management towards a curative approach.
EVALUATION OF ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY AGAINST NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS AND EMBRYOTOXICITY OF ESSENTIAL OIL AND ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF TRACHYSPERMUM AMMI
Background: Trachyspermum ammi (Ajwain) is a medicinal plant known for its therapeutic properties. Given its bioactivity, it presents a promising candidate for treating viral diseases such as Newcastle disease, a highly contagious and economically significant viral illness of poultry caused by the Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the antiviral activity and embryo toxicity of the essential oil and ethanolic extract of T. ammi against NDV using an in ovo model. Methods: Ten serial dilutions (100 to 0.19 µg/mL) of both T. ammi essential oil and ethanolic extract, and five concentrations (40 to 20 µg/mL) of the standard antiviral drug ribavirin were prepared. Each concentration was mixed with a fixed titer (4 HA units) of virulent NDV. The mixtures were inoculated into nine-day-old specific pathogen-free (SPF) chicken embryos, which were then incubated for 72 hours. Antiviral activity was assessed post-incubation using a hemagglutination test, while embryo toxicity was calculated based on the percentage of embryo survival. Main Outcome Measures: The primary outcomes were the minimum concentration of each substance that achieved complete inactivation of NDV (antiviral activity) and the concentration at which embryo mortality occurred (embryo toxicity). Results: The essential oil of T. ammi demonstrated complete inactivation of NDV across a wide concentration range, from 0.78 µg/mL to 100 µg/mL. The ethanolic extract of T. ammi showed complete antiviral activity from 1.5 µg/mL to 100 µg/mL. The Embryo toxicity for both the essential oil and the ethanolic extract was observed only at the highest tested concentration of 100 µg/mL. Ribavirin exhibited strong antiviral activity at all tested concentrations (20-40 µg/mL) but was found to be embryo-toxic at the higher concentrations of 40, 30, and 25 µg/mL. Conclusion: This experiment demonstrates that both the essential oil and ethanolic extract of Trachyspermum ammi possess significant antiviral potential against NDV, with a favorable safety profile showing embryo toxicity only at a high concentration. Their efficacy and lower toxicity compared to ribavirin suggest that T. ammi is a promising candidate for further investigation in the development of natural antiviral agents against Newcastle disease
Evaluation of traditionally claimed anti-ulcerant potential of poly-herbal preparation using rat model
Background: Despite the proven effectiveness of many traditional polyherbal medicines, their scientific mechanisms of action often remain unclear. Qarahine is one such compound preparation, and its purported therapeutic benefits for ulcer treatment require empirical validation to understand its rationale. Objective: This study was conducted to validate the anti-ulcer effect of the polyherbal preparation Qarahine through integrated in-vivo and in-vitro studies, specifically measuring its ulcer-curative potential and assessing its effectiveness against duodenal ulcers. Methods: The anti-ulcer activity was evaluated in vivo using rodent models of ethanol-induced, NSAID-induced, and stress-induced gastric ulcers at two dose levels (50 and 100 mg/kg). Histopathological examination of stomach tissues provided supporting evidence. The in-vitro spasmolytic effect was assessed on isolated rabbit jejunum preparations, testing the crude extract on spontaneous, high K+ (80 mM)-induced, and carbachol (1 µM)-induced contractions, with verapamil used as a standard reference. Main Outcome Measures: The primary outcomes were the percentage cure of induced ulcers in the different models and the concentration-dependent spasmolytic response in the isolated tissue experiments. Results: Qarahine demonstrated significant, dose-dependent anti-ulcer activity. It cured 31.1% and 60% of ethanol-induced ulcers, 46.7% and 86.7% of NSAID-induced ulcers, and 33.3% and 76.3% of stress-induced ulcers at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg, respectively. Histopathological analysis strongly corroborated these findings. In vitro, the extract exhibited a concentration-dependent spasmolytic effect, inhibiting contractions induced by high K+ and carbachol, similar to the calcium channel blocker verapamil, suggesting a potential mechanism involving calcium channel blockade. Conclusion: The results of the present study provide robust scientific evidence for the anti-ulcer efficacy of Qarahine. Based on these findings, Qarahine can be recommended as an effective and alternative remedy for the treatment of gastric ulcers.
Assessment of knowledge, attitude, and Practice (KAP) addressing dengue fever
Background: Dengue is the most common illness borne by mosquitoes. Aims: The main aim and goal of this research was to assess the current knowledge, attitude, and strategies addressing fever caused by mosquitoes, and its prevalence among the local community of Karachi. Methods: This study was conducted from January 2025 to March 2025 among the community of Karachi. The data was collected by using the proper self-constructed questionnaire method. SPSS version 25.0 statistical techniques were used to analyze the obtained data. Results: Data of 350 responses were selected for this survey base research and the average age of the respondents were 25-60 years of age and of theses, 79.6% of the responders were between the age of 15 and 40. Approximately 86.90% of respondents were aware of mosquitoes, viral infections, and dengue fever, and 69.40% had knowledge of the role and participation of the community in the prevention of these diseases.. Conclusion: Regular efforts are desperately needed in local communities, schools, and colleges to raise awareness of dengue fever, its transmission, and preventative measures.
Attitude, Dengue Fever, Knowledge, Practice