Phytochemical and Pharmacological Investigation of Analgesic and Antipyretic Activities of Cyperus pertenuis and Delphinium zelil in Albino Rats

Abstract

Background: Pain and fever are common clinical symptoms often managed with synthetic drugs that may produce undesirable side effects with prolonged use. Medicinal plants offer a promising source of safer alternatives, yet many traditionally used species remain scientifically underexplored. Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the phytochemical composition and evaluate the analgesic and antipyretic activities of ethanolic extracts of Cyperus pertenuis and Delphinium zelil in albino rats. Methods: Ethanolic extracts of both plants were subjected to qualitative phytochemical screening. Analgesic activity was assessed using the acetic acid–induced writhing test and hot plate method, while antipyretic activity was evaluated using the brewer’s yeast–induced pyrexia model. Paracetamol and diclofenac sodium were used as standard reference drugs. Acute oral toxicity was assessed according to OECD guidelines. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance, and results were expressed as mean ± SEM. Results: Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, and saponins in both extracts. The extracts produced significant, dose-dependent analgesic and antipyretic effects compared to the control group (p < 0.05). At higher doses, the pharmacological effects were comparable to standard drugs. No signs of acute toxicity were observed up to 5000 mg/kg. Conclusion: The findings demonstrate that Cyperus pertenuis and Delphinium zelil possess significant analgesic and antipyretic properties, supporting their traditional use. These plants may serve as potential sources for the development of novel, safe, plant-based therapeutic agents.