Current Perspectives on Cardiovascular Disease: Epidemiology, Prevention, and Therapeutic Advances

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) continues to represent the leading cause of mortality worldwide, contributing to over 17.9 million deaths annually (1,2). Despite significant advances in diagnostics, therapeutics, and public health strategies, the global burden of CVD is on the rise, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) (3). This comprehensive review explores the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentations, risk factors, and management strategies of CVD, highlighting contemporary and emerging therapeutic interventions. We also delve into the role of precision medicine, digital health, and future directions to mitigate the global cardiovascular burden. A multi-tiered, integrative approach spanning primordial, primary, and secondary prevention is essential for improving cardiovascular health outcomes globally.